تریپس (TRIPS) موافقتنامهای بین همۀ کشورهای عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی (WTO) برای ثبت بینالمللی برند است. هماکنون صد و شصت و چهار کشور عضو این سازمان هستند که از سال ۱۹۹۴ پایبند به این توافق ماندهاند. ثبت علائم تجاری در این سیستم، بر اساس آییننامهای مشترک انجام میپذیرد که مورد تأیید تمام اعضا قرار گرفته است. این معاهده به منظور حمایت از طیف وسیعی از برندهای تجاری، طرحهای صنعتی، اختراعات، آثار تالیفی و… در سطح بینالمللی و حفظ حقوق مالکان آنها در کشورهای عضو راهاندازی شده است. از آنجایی که ایران در سازمان تجارت جهانی عضو نیست، امکان ثبت برند بینالمللی با کنوانسیون تریپس در داخل کشور وجود ندارد. البته باید اشاره کرد که ایران جزو امضاکنندگان کنوانسیون مادرید است و کارآفرینان ایرانی میتوانند از آن طریق برای فعالیتهای بینالمللی خود اقدام نمایند. در این مقاله به طور کامل به ثبت جهانی برند تریپس میپردازیم.
موافقتنامه تریپس (TRIPS)
«تریپس» موافقتنامهای در مورد جنبههای مرتبط با تجارت حقوق مالکیت فکری است که سازمان تجارت جهانی آن را مدیریت میکند. تریپس (TRIPS) کوتاهشده عبارتی انگلیسی (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) است به معنای موافقتنامه راجع به جنبههای مرتبط با تجارت حقوق مالکیت فکری. این توافق بینالمللی در سال ۱۹۹۴ بین اعضای سازمان تجارت جهانی امضا شد و در حال حاضر ۱۶۴ کشور در آن عضو هستند. آخرین تغییرات در مقررات و دستورالعملهای مربوط به ثبت جهانی برند تریپس نیز از طریق همین سازمان اطلاعرسانی میشوند. گفتنی است که تمامی استانداردهای لازم برای ثبت برند بینالمللی در این معاهده مشخص شدهاند.
شرایط ثبت جهانی برند تریپس
کشورهای عضو در سازمان تجارت جهانی (WTO) ملزم به رعایت اصول حقوق مالکیت فکری هستند. تمامی نامها، نشانها و علائم تجاری که میخواهند تحت کنوانسیون تریپس به ثبت جهانی برسند باید شرایط زیر را داشته باشند:
- مدت زمان حق تکثیر باید به پنجاه سال بعد از مرگ پدیدآورنده افزایش یابد.
- حق تکثیر باید بهطور خودکار اهدا شود و نه بر اساس هر گونه تشریفاتی مانند نیاز به ثبت یا تجدید.
- قوانین مالکیت معنوی کشورها نباید مزایایی را برای ثبت جهانی برند تریپس به شهروندانش اهدا کند که برای افراد مقیم در سایر کشورهای عضو وجود نداشته باشد.
- نرمافزارها و برنامههای کامپیوتری باید به عنوان آثار ادبی در نظر گرفته شوند و حفاظتی مشابه آن آثار را دریافت کنند.
- استثنائات ثبت برند در قوانین ملی کشورها باید محدود به مواد پیمان تریپس باشند.
- حق اختراع باید به تمام زمینههای فناوری اهدا شود، البته استثنائات برای برخی از منافع عمومی مجاز است و باید حداقل برای بیست سال قابل اجرا باشد.
- منافع قانونی افراد ثالث باید در ثبت برند بینالمللی تریپس در نظر گرفته شوند.
قوانین ثبت برند بینالمللی تریپس
توافقنامه تریپس (TRIPS) سازوکار اجرایی قدرتمندی دارد. قوانین و مقررات آن به روشنی تمام قواعد ثبت علائم تجاری بینالمللی را مشخص کردهاند و در صورت بروز اختلاف نیز راهکارهایی برای حل آن در نظر گرفتهاند. مهمترین آنها امکان فعال کردن رکن حق اختلاف است که به موجب آن شورای عمومی سازمان تجارت جهانی برای بررسی موضوع تشکیل جلسه میدهند. همچنین بند ملت کاملهالوداد یا کشور دوست بهرهمند در این معاهده وجود دارد. وجود این شرط موجب میشود امتیازات جدیدی که کشورهای توسعهیافته به کشورهای در حال توسعه میدهند به قراردادهای پیشین آنها نیز تعلق بگیرد. باید یادآوری کرد که ایران در حال حاضر عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی نیست و در نتیجه نمیتوان برای ثبت جهانی برند تریپس اقدام نمود.
نحوه ثبت برند جهانی تریپس
ثبت بینالمللی برند تحت کنوانسیون تریپس به صورت مستقیم انجام میگیرد و نیازی به ثبت برند در داخل کشور یا مشخص کردن کشورهایی که آن برند در آنها به رسمیت شناخته میشود وجود ندارد. در واقع، با ثبت جهانی برند تریپس صاحبان صنایع و تاجران میتوانند از پذیرفته شدن برند خود در تمامی کشورهای عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی مطمئن شوند و امکان کپی لوگو یا هر نوع سوءاستفاده از نام و نشان تجاری خود را از بین ببرند.
پرسشهای متداول درمورد ثبت جهانی برند تریپس 
معاهده تریپس را چه کشورهایی امضا کردهاند؟
این موافقتنامه به جنبههای مرتبط با تجارت حقوق مالکیت فکری میپردازد و ۱۶۴ کشورِ عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی به رعایت آن متعهد شدهاند.
آیا ثبت جهانی برند تریپس در ایران امکانپذیر است؟
در حال حاضر، ایران عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی نیست و در نتیجه، امکان ثبت برند بینالمللی با کنوانسیون تریپس در داخل کشور وجود ندارد. البته ایران جزو امضاکنندگان کنوانسیون مادرید است و بازرگانان ایرانی میتوانند از طریق آن برای فعالیتهای بینالمللی خود اقدام نمایند.
ثبت برند بینالمللی تحت کنوانسیون تریپس به چه ترتیب است؟
ثبت بینالمللی برند تحت کنوانسیون تریپس به صورت مستقیم انجام میگیرد و صاحبان علائم تجاری میتوانند از این طریق امکان کپی لوگو یا سوءاستفاده از نام تجاری خود را در تمامی کشورهای عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی از بین ببرند.
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